CTRPeter
19 Feb 15
Concrete cases for application of critical thinking might include theories and practices for changing people's thinking (including but not limited to educational theory/practices). What is the evidence, assumptions, reasoning? How does the theory/practice look like from many angles...?
I started to list such theories and practices. The list got very long quickly.
This line of thought arose when I asked myself would modeling critical thinking exchanges teach students to do critical thinking?
28 Feb 15
An indirect approach to promoting critical thinking
Instead of asking a person to defend their thinking–to examine their evidence, assumptions, and reasoning–or put it under the spotlight–how does the idea/practice look like from this angle, that angle…?–the following process shifts the focus to helping the person shape inquiry.
Process
Warm-up
Guided freewriting: "When I think of getting help to improve my thinking about something I say I know or a question I have, the thoughts, experiences, feelings that come to mind include..."
Check-in: One idea or question that arose during the freewriting.
Main activity
A focal person presents to a group something they are thinking (which may be a question, a claim about something, or a possible course of action).
The host asks everyone to ask real questions–honest, open, curious questions–that might help the focal person access their own intelligence. It is important for the helpers not to inject what they know or think they know–that is of little or no value in the (indirect) development of the focal person as a critical inquirer. (Conversely, it should, in principle, be possible for a focal person to get help even if the helpers lack specialized knowledge behind what the focal person is thinking.)
The basic model of questioning is
KAQF:
- What more do you need to Know? (aka Question)
- How could you Find this out? (Methods, Steps..)
- What alternative methods are possible for inquiring into this Question?
- What Knowledge do you hope to gain by addressing that Question?
- What Actions could people pursue on the basis of accepting this Knowledge?
- Which people or group?
- What Knowledge is the basis for this Action?
- What more do you need to Know in order to clarify what people could do (A)?
- What more do you need to Know in order to revise/refine/support the Knowledge?
- How do you Know that—What is the evidence?
- How do you Know that—What are your assumptions?
- How do you Know that—What is your reasoning?
Other curious questions are possible:
- When did you first ask that Question?
- What did you think before you asked that Question? (i.e., what made you ask that Question?)
- Where–in what situations–might that Knowledge be true?
- and so on (to be invented in practice)
Questions may journey away from the original point, but at various intervals, the host can remind the group of this point by asking the focal person: “Where are you in relation to …”
The Q&A session is recorded so the focal person does not need to take notes, but can listen well to others and to their own answers (and later go back and ask questions of all the things they said.)
The pace should be relaxed and gentle. Silence is OK: new insights are emerging.
The host calls on the next questioner, which also allows the host to cut off the focal person if they are going on for too long, are raising too many different issues in their answer, have strayed from the question asked.
The host ends the session by checking with the focal person whether it is OK to stop and then asking everyone to provide a Connection and Extension for the focal person: Name/One place where your thinking/inquiry connects with mine/One direction I would like to extend that inquiry.
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This process borrows from the
Quaker Clearness Committee.
3 Mar 15, drafting a revised course format
CRCRTH 601 Critical Thinking
draft for discussion, 18 Mar 2015
In Fall 2015, the course format will center on 4-week "collaborative explorations" (CEs), a variant of project-based learning (
PBL) that begin from a scenario or case in which the issues are real but the problems are not well defined, which leads participants to shape their own directions of inquiry and develop their skills as investigators and teachers (in the broadest sense of the word). The basic mode of a CE centers on interactions in small groups (online or face-to-face) over a delimited period of time in ways that create an experience of re-engagement with oneself as an avid learner and inquirer--as this quote from a student in a PBL course evokes:
- This course is a gift – the chance to be open – open-ended in design, open to process, open to other perspectives, open to changing your ideas, and open to sharing. Of course this means it’s risky too – you won’t always know when you’re coming from or where you are going – you might think you aren’t sufficiently grounded by the course. But you have the freedom to change that – and being on the other side of it now, I see it works out beautifully. The attention to process provides you the tools to grow and by the end you’re riding the wave of your earlier work...
The CE component of each class session will be 60-90 minutes. The rest of each course session will involve activities or discussion of a shared reading on a key concept in the field.
(Note: The Critical and Creative Thinking Graduate Program will host simultaneous CEs (online) where the wider public can participate (
http://CollabEx.wikispaces.com). Students in the 601 course do not have to join these CEs, but they will be able to draw on what is
publicly shared by the participants; the public CEs will use the same themes as those used in the course and involve a 60-90 minute online conference call once per week, at a time
other than Tuesdays from 4:00-6:45pm.)
The format is designed to allow each student to
a) undertake intensive reading in the area of critical thinking, with students sharing annotated bibliography entries from which others can learn;
b) shape a path and final products for each CE that link closely with their personal interests.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the semester, you will have:
- a set of tools, experiences, and knowledge of publications, and an enhanced disposition to self-directed lifelong inquiry around critical thinking, i.e., scrutinizing the assumptions, reasoning, and evidence brought to bear on an issue-by others and by oneself, where such scrutiny is enhanced by placing ideas and practices in tension with alternatives;
- a set of tools, experiences, and knowledge of publications, and an enhanced disposition to self-directed lifelong inquiry for what is needed to teach or guide others re: the above in ways that might depart markedly from your previous schooling and experience.
- a critical understanding of collaborative explorations and allied approaches to project-based learning in relation to participants re-engaging with themselves as avid learners and inquirers.
Technical note: The live sessions will use Google+ Hangout, so sign up for a
http://plus.google.com account, get the audio & video plugins installed, and let instructors know your gmail address. Exchange within the course will use a private UMB blog to which you'll be invited once you let us know you have registered as a user of the
UMB blog system.
Texts to purchase or borrow are listed near the start of syllabus. You will need to be able to use interlibrary loan (either
at UMB or at your local library) to get materials that interest you when needed.
If you have time for reading during August, choose a reading that especially interests you from the
CE descriptions.
Class 1, Introduction: the tension between direct and indirect approaches to fostering critical thinking
In a sense subscribed to by all teachers, critical thinking means that students are bright and engaged, ask questions, and think about the course materials until they understand well established knowledge and competing approaches.
This becomes more significant when students develop their own processes of active inquiry, which they can employ in new situations, beyond the bounds of our particular classes, indeed, beyond their time as students.
My sense of critical thinking is, however, more specific; it depends on inquiry being informed by a strong sense of how things could be otherwise. I want students to see that they understand things better when they have placed established facts, theories, and practices in tension with alternatives.
Critical thinking at this level should not depend on students rejecting conventional accounts, but they do have to move through uncertainty. Their knowledge is, at least for a time, destabilized; what has been established cannot be taken for granted.
Students can no longer expect that if they just wait long enough the teacher will provide complete and tidy conclusions; instead they have to take a great deal of responsibility for their own learning. Anxieties inevitably arise for students when they have to respond to new situations knowing that the teacher will not act as the final arbiter of their success.
A high level of critical thinking is possible when students explore such anxieties and gain the confidence to face uncertainty and ambiguity (Taylor 1995).
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Activity 1
Freewriting to bring students' ideas and experience to the surface: "If asked to describe situations when my thinking shifted significantly, what comes to mind includes..."
Share something about your recollections with a neighbor
Autobiographical introductions: 5 minutes to explain how I came to be a person interested in learning more about critical thinking--how to do it myself and teach/foster it in others. Each introduction followed by “connections and extensions” feedback.
(Time permitting)
Dialogue process on how people get supported to improve their critical thinking.
Activity 2
Contrast between indirect and direct approaches to critical thinking, that is, between a) building the support and context for the thinker to improve their thinking and b) instruction on methods of scrutiny of the assumptions, evidence, and reasoning underlying thinking. (Point to various texts that do the latter.)
Think-pair-share on claims made in Taylor 1995: Raise questions about the assumptions, evidence, and reasoning underlying the statements.
Review of ways that the activities illustrated the tension between direct and indirect approaches to fostering critical thinking
Introduction to Collaborative Exploration 1 (CE1) including the steps each week and the basic
rhythm of the course.
Quick preview of syllabus and tasks to get set up.
Take stock of the session (
Critical incident questionnaire)
CE1 (classes 2-4)
How do people have their thinking changed?
(A CE in which students practice applying critical thinking at the same time as developing their own direct or indirect approach to fostering critical thinking in others.)
There are many approaches to teaching or coaching, each of which aims to improve the knowledge or thinking of students or some other audience. In other words, each aims to change their thinking. This is obviously also the case when one tries to improve the critical thinking of others.
We might ask how strong the basis is for any given approach to teaching or coaching. We could, in the spirit of critical thinking, scrutinize the assumptions, evidence, and reasoning behind the approach. In this case, we want you to do this for a teaching/coaching approach "X" (where you choose X from the list below), but also to go further: Envisage a person or kind of person who is an exponent of teaching/coaching approach X and develop a plan to improve the thinking of the exponent(s) and/or enhance the impact of X on audience "Y" (where Y is a relevant audience for X). In other words, you will be exploring the issue "How do people have their thinking changed" at two levels: first, you think critically about how approach X addresses the issue, and second, you consider how to change the thinking of an exponent of X so that they think more critically about their approach. (You might also reflect on how your own critical thinking about critical thinking develops—that would be a third level.)
X could include: Teaching to a high-stakes tests. Clear lecture, texts, expositions. Teaching to move students from their private universe to new understandings. Experiential learning. Constructivist learning. Entrepreneurial design thinking. Inspirational learning. Redemption. 4Rs. Reevaluation. Socratic method. Talmudic method (Yeshiva education). Project-based learning. Opening-up themes. Clearness committee. Dialogue process. Popular education. Transformational learning. Therapy, of various varieties. Action research. Writers' workshop. Participatory planning. ORID or focused conversation. Mentoring or apprenticeship. Thinking classroom. 21st century skills. Human Givens approach.
Entry points to these approaches will be provided as requested. Approaches not on this list can be used provided you consult with an instructor first to get approval.
Steps
Class 2:
Dialogue process to share and clarify what we are inquiring into regarding the case.
Class 3:
Work-in-progress presentations, each followed a few minutes of time to finish writing Plus-Delta feedback
Class 4: Dialogue Hour for Taking stock of the first Collaborative Exploration
CE2 (classes 5-8)
Everyone can think critically!
(A CE in which students learn as much as possible about how critical thinking is presented and promoted by others.)
Imagine a "guidebook" to help you appreciate the idea that everyone can think critically and to help you help others appreciate that idea. The end-product of this CE are drafts of entries to this guidebook, which might take the form of text, maps, schemas, mp3s, or something else (adding up to at least 1200 words or its page-equivalent, in one or more entries). These entries should introduce and organize key resources, i.e., key concepts, issues and debates, references to research, quotes or paraphrases from those references, interactive activities and personal habits, people and organizations to take note of, appropriate stories. (Do not be concerned about whether your entries overlap with anyone else's.)
Some questions that might stimulate your inquiries:
- How much have well-worn sources from the 80s and 90s been superseded by more recent research and writing; how much do old sources hold up? Is it justified to criticize a course or a handbook on critical thinking for using old references? Can we show the longer-term CCT instructors in 601 ways to update their syllabi?
- Could the critical thinking process be thought of less as adding rule-bound practices and more as recognizing and removing obstacles that have come into place and obscured natural critical thinking? What authors have promoted the latter approach?
- How much does the critical thinking process need to involve individuals seeking or creating supportive "context," e.g., arranging sounding boards or establishing one's surroundings as a "studio" to make a space where critical thinking comes easier? What is known about how spaces for critical thinking, communities and historical periods came together? What does critical thinking mean in different fields of work?
- What has been studied and written about regarding what we are calling indirect approaches to fostering critical thinking?
- To the extent that the critical thinking process like the creative thinking process involves the capacity to manage, seek out, even welcome risk, struggle and failure, how can we feel more comfortable and supported in allowing "failures" to happen... of letting go of positions we once held strongly to?
- What is there to support, or contradict, the idea that "everyone can think critically"? In guiding those who believe that they are not critical thinkers, what steps might be taken to encourage them to at least explore the possibility?
- How is improvement in critical thinking assessed? How are different tools and activities to foster critical thinking evaluated?
The
process towards the end
products should involve reading and digesting as much as you can in the time available. The assumption (is this justified?) is that your experience undertaking CE1 before having looked at how critical thinking is presented and promoted by others will help you to choose topics that most grab your interest and be engaged in learning about them. In any case, there is no expectation that you think like a textbook writer who has to cover every topic. Entry points for readings are given by:
TBA
Your explorations may, of course, lead you to more recent or more appropriate sources than you find in the CCT syllabi.
Steps:
Class 5: Autobiographical stories, retold in relation to case 2
Class 6-8: as for Classes 2-4 above
CE3 (classes 9-12)
Manifesto and Plan for Practice
(A CE in which students, building on CEs 1 & 2, formulate specific plans for how to continue your own development as a critical thinker and, as a result, be able to foster the same among colleagues or students in your work/life/teaching situation.)
in development
- "If there is one basic rule... that I, as a novice, have learned it is
- DON'T BE AFRAID! (Frangie, Novice Sage Manifesto)
Books such as Julia Cameron's
The Artist's Way provide readers with a program for developing one's creativity, but what is the equivalent for developing one's critical thinking? In any case, given that a mark of creativity is to develop one's own program, not follow someone else's, what would your program—or "manifesto"—for critical thinking look like? All invention involves borrowing, so the challenge is really to synthesize elements from sources encountered during and before this course. These syntheses or manifestos should be selected and organized so as to inspire and inform your efforts in extending critical thinking
beyond the course. For a brief introduction to the experience of past students who wrote manifestos for critical thinking, see section 2 of
http://www.faculty.umb.edu/pjt/journey.html. For the full manifestos from a 1999 class, including Frangie's, see
Readings.
Corresponding to your manifesto, what is your plan for practice to develop your ability to foster the development of others as critical thinkers in your work/life/teaching situation? The plan should demonstrate how and when you plan to put into practice the skills and tools from the course - in your work situation or community, and/or how you could adapt and practice using those tools for opportunities in the future. You should include a plan for evaluating the outcome so you learn from experience and practice.
Steps:
Classes 9-12, as for Classes 5-8 above
Class 13
Critical thinking slam
(A one-session activity that builds on CE3)
"Difficult topic" case studies are distributed. Design, drawing on their plan for practice, an activity to engage other people in the case with a view to beginning to change a person's thinking about the difficult topic. 5-minute presentations on the designs are given in the last part of the class.
Class 14
Taking stock--where have we come from and where are we headed?
24 Mar 15
KAQF
The KAQF framework helps you organize your thinking and research keeping an eye on
actions, that is, what you might do or propose or plan on the basis of the results
, i.e., of the Knowledge you would gain.
- Notes: If the action you propose is to inquire into certain questions, think of that under Questions for inquiry.
- Looking at Action in relation to what you Know or your Questions is a way to consider the importance of the issue for you. However, a larger framework is helpful to sustain ongoing clarification of the importance of knowledge claims, action, and questions. While KAQF allows you to probe, you also need to connect with others for dialogue and support and reflect on what you are learning and the effects of any actions you take.
KAQF chart
What do I Know? (or claim to know)
- (Q: How do I Know that?—What is the evidence, assumptions, and reasoning? What alternatives have I considered in establishing this knowledge?)
Action: What actions could I or other people pursue on the basis of accepting this knowledge?
- (Q: Which people or group?)
Questions for inquiry: What more do I Need to know—in order to clarify what I or other people could do (A) or to revise/refine/support the knowledge claim (K)
How to Find this out? (Methods, Steps..)
- (Q: What alternatives methods are possible for inquiring into this Question? Will my method of research best enable me to Find this out?)
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Make a template of this chart so you can copy it each time you start a new set of KAQF's.
For earlier version, see
KAQF
25 Mar 15
I have been thinking about the issue of relating person, problem, and context in the following terms: If we want to foster a person's development as a critical thinker we want temporarily to supply a supportive context for their
probing as well as for the
reflecting and
connecting through which they build their own supportive context, one that is sustained without us. I am interested to learn if there is research not only on supportive context, but on supporting people to build their own supportive context.